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veliko Member 3

Joined: 17 Jul 2013 Posts: 627
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Posted: 17/01/2016 16:03 Post subject: BUILDING SOFTWARE FOR SIMULATION |
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BUILDING SOFTWARE FOR SIMULATION
Theory and Algorithms,
with Applications in C++
JAMES J. NUTARO
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
CONTENTS
| Code: | PREFACE ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Elements of a Software Architecture / 2
1.2 Systems Concepts as an Architectural Foundation / 4
1.3 Summary / 5
1.4 Organization of the Book / 6
2 FIRST EXAMPLE: SIMULATING A ROBOTIC TANK 7
2.1 Functional Modeling / 8
2.2 A Robotic Tank / 9
2.2.1 Equations of Motion / 11
2.2.2 Motors, Gearbox, and Tracks / 13
2.2.3 Complete Tip of the Tank’s Continuous Dynamics / 17
2.2.4 The Computer / 18
2.2.5 Complete Model of the Tank / 22
2.3 Stil of the Tank Simulator / 23
2.4 Experiments / 25
2.5 Summary / 30
3 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS 32
3.1 Atomic Models / 33
v
vi CONTENTS
3.1.1 Trajectories / 33
3.1.2 The State Transition and Output Function / 35
3.1.3 Two Examples of Atomic, Discrete-Time Models / 39
3.1.4 Systems with Bags for Input and Output / 42
3.1.5 A Simulator for Atomic Models / 42
3.2 Network Models / 53
3.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model / 54
3.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model / 55
3.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant / 56
3.2.4 Simulating the Resultant / 61
3.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Time Systems / 77
3.4 Mealy/Moore-Type Systems / 89
3.5 Cellular Automata / 91
3.6 Summary / 98
4 DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS 100
4.1 Atomic Models / 101
4.1.1 Time and Trajectories / 101
4.1.2 The State Transition Function / 103
4.1.3 The Output Function / 105
4.1.4 Legitimate Systems / 106
4.1.5 An Example of an Atomic Model / 107
4.1.6 The Interrupt Handler in the Robotic Tank / 110
4.1.7 Systems with Bags for Input and Output / 114
4.1.8 A Simulator for Atomic Models / 114
4.1.9 Simulating the Interrupt Handler / 118
4.2 Network Models / 125
4.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model / 125
4.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model / 126
4.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant / 128
4.2.4 Simulating the Resultant / 132
4.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Event Systems / 143
4.3.1 The Event Schedule / 144
4.3.2 The Bag / 153
4.3.3 The Simulation Engine / 157
4.4 The Computer in the Tank / 170
4.5 Cellular Automata Revisited / 176
4.6 Summary / 180
CONTENTS vii
5 HYBRID SYSTEMS 182
5.1 An Elementary Hybrid System / 185
5.2 Networks of Continuous Systems / 186
5.3 Hybrid Models as Discrete-Event Systems / 187
5.4 Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Systems / 190
5.5 A Simulator for Hybrid Systems / 198
5.6 Interactive Simulation of the Robotic Tank / 211
5.6.1 Correcting the Dynamics of a Turn / 211
5.6.2 A Simplified Model of the Motor / 213
5.6.3 Updating the Display / 218
5.6.4 Implementing the Tank Physics / 219
5.7 Approximating Continuous Interaction Between Hybrid Models / 225
5.8 A Final Comment on Cellular Automata / 229
5.8.1 Differential Automata with Constant Derivatives / 229
5.8.2 Modeling Asynchronous Cellular Automata with
Differential Automata / 230
5.8.3 A Homomorphism from Differential Automata to
Asynchronous Cellular Automata / 232
5.9 Summary / 236
6 APPLICATIONS 237
6.1 Control Through a Packet-Switched Network / 237
6.1.1 Model of the Pendulum and Its PID Controller / 238
6.1.2 Integration with an Ethernet Simulator / 244
6.1.3 Experiments / 249
6.2 Frequency Regulation in an Electrical Power System / 255
6.2.1 Generation / 257
6.2.2 Transmission Network and Electrical Loads / 259
6.2.3 Frequency Monitoring and Load Actuation / 260
6.2.4 Software Implementation / 261
6.2.5 Experiments / 262
6.3 Summary / 269
7 THE FUTURE 271
7.1 Simulation Programming Languages / 271
7.2 Parallel Computing and Discrete-Event Simulation / 273
7.3 The Many Forms of Discrete Systems and Their Simulators / 276
7.4 Other Facets of Modeling and Simulation / 277
viii CONTENTS
APPENDIX A ESTETICă AND TEST OF SIMULATIONS 279
A.1 Decomposing a Model / 280
A.1.1 Bottom-Up Testing / 280
A.1.2 Invariants and Assertions / 281
A.2 Input and Output Objects / 281
A.2.1 Simple Structures / 282
A.2.2 Unions / 282
A.2.3 Pointers and Hierarchies of Events / 284
A.2.4 Mixing Strategies with Model Wrappers / 286
A.3 Reducing Execution Time / 291
APPENDIX B PARALLEL DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION 296
B.1 A Conservative Algorithm / 298
B.1.1 Lookahead / 300
B.1.2 The Algorithm / 303
B.2 Implementing the Algorithm with OpenMP / 304
B.2.1 Pragmas, Volatiles, and Locks / 304
B.2.2 Overview of the Simulator / 308
B.2.3 The LogicalProcess / 309
B.2.4 The MessageQ / 318
B.2.5 The ParSimulator / 321
B.3 Demonstration of Gustafson’s and Amdahl’s Laws / 325
APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL TOPICS 331
C.1 System Homomorphisms / 331
C.2 Sinusoidal State-Steady Analysis / 333
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